Post by Admin on Mar 26, 2021 23:07:27 GMT
Schizophrenia
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schizophrenia
Schizophrenia is a psychiatric disorder characterized by continuous or relapsing episodes of psychosis.[5] Major symptoms include hallucinations (typically hearing voices), delusions, and disorganized thinking.[7] Other symptoms include social withdrawal, decreased emotional expression, and apathy.[5][13] Symptoms typically come on gradually, begin in young adulthood, and in many cases never resolve.[3][7] There is no objective diagnostic test; diagnosis is based on observed behavior, a history that includes the person's reported experiences, and reports of others familiar with the person.[7] To be diagnosed with schizophrenia, symptoms and functional impairment need to be present for six months (DSM-5) or one month (ICD-11).[7][11] Many people with schizophrenia have other mental disorders that often includes an anxiety disorder such as panic disorder, an obsessive–compulsive disorder, or a substance use disorder.[7]
About 0.3% to 0.7% of people are affected by schizophrenia during their lifetime.[14] In 2017, there were an estimated 1.1 million new cases and in 2019 a total of 20 million cases globally.[2][15] Males are more often affected and on average have an earlier onset.[2] The causes of schizophrenia include genetic and environmental factors.[5] Genetic factors include a variety of common and rare genetic variants.[16] Possible environmental factors include being raised in a city, cannabis use during adolescence, infections, the ages of a person's mother or father, and poor nutrition during pregnancy.[5][17]
About half of those diagnosed with schizophrenia will have a significant improvement over the long term with no further relapses, and a small proportion of these will recover completely.[7][18] The other half will have a lifelong impairment,[19] and severe cases may be repeatedly admitted to hospital.[18] Social problems such as long-term unemployment, poverty, homelessness, exploitation, and victimization are common consequences of schizophrenia.[20][21] Compared to the general population, people with schizophrenia have a higher suicide rate (about 5% overall) and more physical health problems,[22][23] leading to an average decrease in life expectancy by 20 years.[10] In 2015, an estimated 17,000 deaths were caused by schizophrenia.[12]
The mainstay of treatment is antipsychotic medication, along with counselling, job training, and social rehabilitation.[5] Up to a third of people do not respond to initial antipsychotics, in which case the antipsychotic clozapine may be used.[24] In situations where there is a risk of harm to self or others, a short involuntary hospitalization may be necessary.[25] Long-term hospitalization may be needed for a small number of people with severe schizophrenia.[26] In countries where supportive services are limited or unavailable, long-term hospital stays are more typical.[27]
Bipolar
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bipolar_disorder
Bipolar disorder, previously known as manic depression, is a mental disorder characterized by periods of depression and periods of abnormally elevated mood that last from days to weeks each.[4][5][7] If the elevated mood is severe or associated with psychosis, it is called mania; if it is less severe, it is called hypomania.[4] During mania, an individual behaves or feels abnormally energetic, happy, or irritable,[4] and they often make impulsive decisions with little regard for the consequences.[5] There is usually also a reduced need for sleep during manic phases.[5] During periods of depression, the individual may experience crying and have a negative outlook on life and poor eye contact with others.[4] The risk of suicide is high; over a period of 20 years, 6% of those with bipolar disorder died by suicide, while 30–40% engaged in self-harm.[4] Other mental health issues, such as anxiety disorders and substance use disorders, are commonly associated with bipolar disorder.[4]
While the causes of bipolar disorder are not clearly understood, both genetic and environmental factors are thought to play a role.[4] Many genes, each with small effects, may contribute to the development of disorder.[4][8] Genetic factors account for about 70–90% of the risk of developing bipolar disorder.[9][10] Environmental risk factors include a history of childhood abuse and long-term stress.[4] The condition is classified as bipolar I disorder if there has been at least one manic episode, with or without depressive episodes, and as bipolar II disorder if there has been at least one hypomanic episode (but no full manic episodes) and one major depressive episode.[5] If the symptoms are due to drugs or medical problems, they are not diagnosed as bipolar disorder.[5] Other conditions having overlapping symptoms with bipolar disorder include attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, personality disorders, schizophrenia, and substance use disorder as well as many other medical conditions.[4] Medical testing is not required for a diagnosis, though blood tests or medical imaging can rule out other problems.[11]
Mood stabilizers—lithium and certain anticonvulsants such as valproate and carbamazepine—are the mainstay of long-term relapse prevention.[12] Antipsychotics are given during acute manic episodes as well as in cases where mood stabilizers are poorly tolerated or ineffective or where compliance is poor.[12] There is some evidence that psychotherapy improves the course of this disorder.[13] The use of antidepressants in depressive episodes is controversial—they can be effective but have been implicated in triggering manic episodes.[14] The treatment of depressive episodes is often difficult.[12] Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is effective in acute manic and depressed episodes, especially with psychosis or catatonia.a[12] Admission to a psychiatric hospital may be required if a person is a risk to themselves or others; involuntary treatment is sometimes necessary if the affected person refuses treatment.[4]
Bipolar disorder occurs in approximately 1% of the global population.[12] In the United States, about 3% are estimated to be affected at some point in their life; rates appear to be similar in females and males.[6][16] The most common age at which symptoms begin is 20; an earlier onset in life is associated with a worse prognosis.[17] Around a quarter to a third of people with bipolar disorder have financial, social, or work-related problems due to the illness.[4] Bipolar disorder is among the top 20 causes of disability worldwide and leads to substantial costs for society.[18] Due to lifestyle choices and the side effects of medications, the risk of death from natural causes such as coronary heart disease in people with bipolar disorder is twice that of the general population.[4]
Psychosis
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychosis
Psychosis is a condition of the mind that results in difficulties determining what is real and what is not real.[4] Symptoms may include delusions and hallucinations.[4] Other symptoms may include incoherent speech and behavior that is inappropriate for the situation.[4] There may also be sleep problems, social withdrawal, lack of motivation, and difficulties carrying out daily activities.[4] Psychosis can have serious outcomes.[6]
Psychosis has many different causes.[4] These include mental illness, such as schizophrenia or bipolar disorder, sleep deprivation, some medical conditions, certain medications, and drugs such as alcohol or cannabis.[4] One type, known as postpartum psychosis, can occur after giving birth.[7] The neurotransmitter dopamine is believed to play a role.[8] Acute psychosis is considered primary if it results from a psychiatric condition and secondary if it is caused by a medical condition.[9] The diagnosis of a mental health condition requires excluding other potential causes.[10] Testing may be done to check for central nervous system diseases, toxins, or other health problems as a cause.[11]
Treatment may include antipsychotic medication, counselling, and social support.[4][5] Early treatment appears to improve outcomes.[4] Medications appear to have a moderate effect.[12][13] Outcomes depend on the underlying cause.[5] In the United States about 3% of people develop psychosis at some point in their lives.[4] The condition has been described since at least the 4th century BCE by Hippocrates and possibly as early as 1500 BCE in the Egyptian Ebers Papyrus.[14][15]
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schizophrenia
Schizophrenia is a psychiatric disorder characterized by continuous or relapsing episodes of psychosis.[5] Major symptoms include hallucinations (typically hearing voices), delusions, and disorganized thinking.[7] Other symptoms include social withdrawal, decreased emotional expression, and apathy.[5][13] Symptoms typically come on gradually, begin in young adulthood, and in many cases never resolve.[3][7] There is no objective diagnostic test; diagnosis is based on observed behavior, a history that includes the person's reported experiences, and reports of others familiar with the person.[7] To be diagnosed with schizophrenia, symptoms and functional impairment need to be present for six months (DSM-5) or one month (ICD-11).[7][11] Many people with schizophrenia have other mental disorders that often includes an anxiety disorder such as panic disorder, an obsessive–compulsive disorder, or a substance use disorder.[7]
About 0.3% to 0.7% of people are affected by schizophrenia during their lifetime.[14] In 2017, there were an estimated 1.1 million new cases and in 2019 a total of 20 million cases globally.[2][15] Males are more often affected and on average have an earlier onset.[2] The causes of schizophrenia include genetic and environmental factors.[5] Genetic factors include a variety of common and rare genetic variants.[16] Possible environmental factors include being raised in a city, cannabis use during adolescence, infections, the ages of a person's mother or father, and poor nutrition during pregnancy.[5][17]
About half of those diagnosed with schizophrenia will have a significant improvement over the long term with no further relapses, and a small proportion of these will recover completely.[7][18] The other half will have a lifelong impairment,[19] and severe cases may be repeatedly admitted to hospital.[18] Social problems such as long-term unemployment, poverty, homelessness, exploitation, and victimization are common consequences of schizophrenia.[20][21] Compared to the general population, people with schizophrenia have a higher suicide rate (about 5% overall) and more physical health problems,[22][23] leading to an average decrease in life expectancy by 20 years.[10] In 2015, an estimated 17,000 deaths were caused by schizophrenia.[12]
The mainstay of treatment is antipsychotic medication, along with counselling, job training, and social rehabilitation.[5] Up to a third of people do not respond to initial antipsychotics, in which case the antipsychotic clozapine may be used.[24] In situations where there is a risk of harm to self or others, a short involuntary hospitalization may be necessary.[25] Long-term hospitalization may be needed for a small number of people with severe schizophrenia.[26] In countries where supportive services are limited or unavailable, long-term hospital stays are more typical.[27]
Bipolar
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bipolar_disorder
Bipolar disorder, previously known as manic depression, is a mental disorder characterized by periods of depression and periods of abnormally elevated mood that last from days to weeks each.[4][5][7] If the elevated mood is severe or associated with psychosis, it is called mania; if it is less severe, it is called hypomania.[4] During mania, an individual behaves or feels abnormally energetic, happy, or irritable,[4] and they often make impulsive decisions with little regard for the consequences.[5] There is usually also a reduced need for sleep during manic phases.[5] During periods of depression, the individual may experience crying and have a negative outlook on life and poor eye contact with others.[4] The risk of suicide is high; over a period of 20 years, 6% of those with bipolar disorder died by suicide, while 30–40% engaged in self-harm.[4] Other mental health issues, such as anxiety disorders and substance use disorders, are commonly associated with bipolar disorder.[4]
While the causes of bipolar disorder are not clearly understood, both genetic and environmental factors are thought to play a role.[4] Many genes, each with small effects, may contribute to the development of disorder.[4][8] Genetic factors account for about 70–90% of the risk of developing bipolar disorder.[9][10] Environmental risk factors include a history of childhood abuse and long-term stress.[4] The condition is classified as bipolar I disorder if there has been at least one manic episode, with or without depressive episodes, and as bipolar II disorder if there has been at least one hypomanic episode (but no full manic episodes) and one major depressive episode.[5] If the symptoms are due to drugs or medical problems, they are not diagnosed as bipolar disorder.[5] Other conditions having overlapping symptoms with bipolar disorder include attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, personality disorders, schizophrenia, and substance use disorder as well as many other medical conditions.[4] Medical testing is not required for a diagnosis, though blood tests or medical imaging can rule out other problems.[11]
Mood stabilizers—lithium and certain anticonvulsants such as valproate and carbamazepine—are the mainstay of long-term relapse prevention.[12] Antipsychotics are given during acute manic episodes as well as in cases where mood stabilizers are poorly tolerated or ineffective or where compliance is poor.[12] There is some evidence that psychotherapy improves the course of this disorder.[13] The use of antidepressants in depressive episodes is controversial—they can be effective but have been implicated in triggering manic episodes.[14] The treatment of depressive episodes is often difficult.[12] Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is effective in acute manic and depressed episodes, especially with psychosis or catatonia.a[12] Admission to a psychiatric hospital may be required if a person is a risk to themselves or others; involuntary treatment is sometimes necessary if the affected person refuses treatment.[4]
Bipolar disorder occurs in approximately 1% of the global population.[12] In the United States, about 3% are estimated to be affected at some point in their life; rates appear to be similar in females and males.[6][16] The most common age at which symptoms begin is 20; an earlier onset in life is associated with a worse prognosis.[17] Around a quarter to a third of people with bipolar disorder have financial, social, or work-related problems due to the illness.[4] Bipolar disorder is among the top 20 causes of disability worldwide and leads to substantial costs for society.[18] Due to lifestyle choices and the side effects of medications, the risk of death from natural causes such as coronary heart disease in people with bipolar disorder is twice that of the general population.[4]
Psychosis
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychosis
Psychosis is a condition of the mind that results in difficulties determining what is real and what is not real.[4] Symptoms may include delusions and hallucinations.[4] Other symptoms may include incoherent speech and behavior that is inappropriate for the situation.[4] There may also be sleep problems, social withdrawal, lack of motivation, and difficulties carrying out daily activities.[4] Psychosis can have serious outcomes.[6]
Psychosis has many different causes.[4] These include mental illness, such as schizophrenia or bipolar disorder, sleep deprivation, some medical conditions, certain medications, and drugs such as alcohol or cannabis.[4] One type, known as postpartum psychosis, can occur after giving birth.[7] The neurotransmitter dopamine is believed to play a role.[8] Acute psychosis is considered primary if it results from a psychiatric condition and secondary if it is caused by a medical condition.[9] The diagnosis of a mental health condition requires excluding other potential causes.[10] Testing may be done to check for central nervous system diseases, toxins, or other health problems as a cause.[11]
Treatment may include antipsychotic medication, counselling, and social support.[4][5] Early treatment appears to improve outcomes.[4] Medications appear to have a moderate effect.[12][13] Outcomes depend on the underlying cause.[5] In the United States about 3% of people develop psychosis at some point in their lives.[4] The condition has been described since at least the 4th century BCE by Hippocrates and possibly as early as 1500 BCE in the Egyptian Ebers Papyrus.[14][15]