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Post by Admin on Nov 4, 2021 14:02:33 GMT
"I cannot stretch my imagination se far, but I do firmly believe that it is practicable to disturb by means of powerful machines the electrostatic condition of the earth and thus transmit intelligible signals and perhaps power. In fact, what is there against the carrying out of such a scheme? We now know that electric vibration may be transmitted through a single conductor. Why then not try to avail ourselves of the earth for this purpose? We need not be frightened by the idea of distance. To the weary wanderer counting the mile-posts the earth may appear very large but to that happiest of all men, the astronomer, who gazes at the heavens and by their standard judges the magnitude of our globe, it appears very small. And so I think it must seem to the electrician, for when he considers the speed with which an electric disturbance is propagated through the earth all his ideas of distance must completely vanish.“
— Nikola Tesla
“On Light And Other High Frequency Phenomena.” Delivered before the Franklin Institute, Philadelphia, February 1893, and before the National Electric Light Association, St. Louis, March 1893.
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Post by Admin on Nov 4, 2021 17:18:03 GMT
NOVEMBER 4, 2021 Graphene research sounds out new possibilities for electronic technologies by Loughborough University phys.org/news/2021-11-graphene-possibilities-electronic-technologies.htmlA team of researchers has revealed that sonic boom and Doppler-shifted sound waves can be created in a graphene transistor, giving new insights into this world-famous material and its potential for use in nanoscale electronic technologies. When a police car speeds towards you and passes by with its siren blaring, you can hear a distinct change in the frequency of the siren's noise. This is the Doppler effect. When a jet aircraft's speed exceeds the speed of sound (about 760 mph), the pressure it exerts upon the air produces a shock wave which can be heard as a loud supersonic boom or thunderclap; this is the Mach effect. Scientists from Loughborough, Nottingham, Manchester, Lancaster and Kansas universities have discovered that a quantum mechanical version of these phenomena occurs in an electronic transistor made from high purity graphene. Their new publication, Graphene's non-equilibrium fermions reveal Doppler-shifted magnetophonon resonances accompanied by Mach supersonic and Landau velocity effects, has been published today in Nature Communications. Graphene is over 100 times stronger than steel while being extremely light, over 100 times more conductive than silicon, and has the lowest electrical resistivity at room temperature of all known materials. These properties make graphene well suited for a range of applications, including coatings to improve touch screens in phones and tablets and to enhance the speed of electronic circuits. The research team used strong electric and magnetic fields to accelerate a stream of electrons in an atomically-thin graphene monolayer composed of a hexagonal lattice of carbon atoms. At a sufficiently high current density, equivalent to around 100 billion amps per square meter passing through the single atomic layer of carbon, the electron stream reaches a speed of 14 kilometers per second (around 30,000 mph) and starts to shake the carbon atoms, thus emitting quantised bundles of sound energy called acoustic phonons. This phonon emission is detected as a resonant increase in the electrical resistance of the transistor; a supersonic boom is observed in graphene. The researchers also observed a quantum mechanical analog of the Doppler effect at lower currents when energetic electrons jump between quantised cyclotron orbits and emit acoustic phonons with a Doppler-like up-shift or down-shift of their frequencies, depending on the direction of the sound waves relative to that of the speeding electrons. By cooling their graphene transistor to liquid helium temperature, the team detected a third phenomenon in which the electrons interact with each other through their electrical charge and make "phononless" jumps between quantised energy levels at a critical speed, the so-called Landau velocity. Loughborough's Dr. Mark Greenway, one of the authors of the paper, said: "It is fantastic to observe all of these effects simultaneously in a graphene monolayer. It is due to graphene's excellent electronic properties that allow us to investigate these out-of-equilibrium quantum processes in detail and understand how electrons in graphene, accelerated by a strong electric field, scatter and lose their energy. The Landau velocity is a quantum property of superconductors and superfluid helium. So it was particularly exciting to detect a similar effect in the dissipative resonant magnetoresistance of graphene." The devices were fabricated at the National Graphene Institute, University of Manchester. Dr. Piranavan Kumaravadivel, who led device design and development notes, "the large size and high quality of our devices are key for observing these phenomena. Our devices are sufficiently large and pure that electrons interact almost exclusively with phonons and other electrons. We expect that these results will inspire similar studies of non-equilibrium phenomena in other 2D materials. Our measurements also demonstrate that high-quality graphene layers can carry very high continuous current densities which approach those achievable in superconductors. High purity graphene transistors could find future applications in nanoscale power electronic technologies."
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Post by Admin on Nov 4, 2021 20:20:24 GMT
DNA Is Millions of Times More Efficient Than Your Computer's Hard Drive Scientists successfully stored 'Wizard of Oz' into DNA, and this yellow brick road could lead to the future of a data storage. www.popularmechanics.com/science/a33327626/scientists-encoded-wizard-of-oz-in-dna/When the Voyager spacecrafts launched in 1977, ready to study the outer limits of our solar system, they brought with them two golden phonograph records that each contained an assemblage of sounds and images meant to represent life on Earth. But in the future, the perfect next-gen space capsule could be found within our bodies. That's because DNA is millions of times more efficient at storing data than your laptop's magnetic hard drive. Since DNA can store data far more densely than silicon, you could squeeze all of the data in the world inside just a few grams of it.
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Post by Admin on Nov 6, 2021 9:19:18 GMT
A New Superconducting Magnet Broke Magnetic Field Strength Records Set the controls for the heart of the sun. interestingengineering.com/video/a-new-superconducting-magnet-broke-magnetic-field-strength-recordsA world powered by nuclear fusion always seems to be 30 years away. With years of study and no major success, public opinion on fusion energy has been comparable to that of a science-fiction technology. And some people are naturally skeptical, for good reason. The conditions for nuclear fusion to happen are quite extreme, like those found at the core of stars. Up until now, in the experiments that were conducted, the whole process required more energy than it produced. This net power output is usually measured by a metric denoted as Q, which is just the ratio of power produced to the power consumed. So far, our best efforts yielded a Q of 0.7. However, a recent breakthrough might change that. By using high-temperature superconductors, researchers at the Commonwealth Fusion Systems claim that they could build a fully operational fusion powerplant, with a Q above 10! Their design is called SPARC, and they just completed the final proof of concept they needed before they could start building their reactor. They achieved a magnetic field strength of 20 teslas, which is the highest magnetic flux density ever produced with high-temperature superconductors at this scale. To learn more, take a look at this video by the YouTube channel Undecided with Matt Ferrell, where he interviews Dr. Martin Greenwald, a Deputy Director, and Senior Research Scientist at MIT.
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Post by Admin on Nov 15, 2021 16:35:31 GMT
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Post by Admin on Nov 18, 2021 17:39:11 GMT
The Numerical (Quantum ‘x’) Superposition: .999999….. infinite recursion = 1 and 0. 1 because Mathematically it is defined as 1. But because 9 holds the positions of 0 in digital root analysis, it is also a 0 (recall that any number added to 9 will result in whatever number was added to it 9+4 = 13 (1+3 = 4). But I noted another strange correspondence just this evening. .99999999999^2 = .99999999999. And .99999999999^.5 = .99999999999. So, this number really does possess the same characteristics as the number 1 as 1 is the ONLY number that will square and square root to the same result. In our proposed Base 12 Number System, 9.9999999 (infinite) is the sum of 3.660254….. and 6.33975….these three numbers comprising the missing musical note (numerical) positions completing the Base 12 numbering system that is embedded within Base 10. The Numerical (Quantum ‘x’) Superposition April 11, 2021Number Theory, Unified Math/Physics robertedwardgrant.com/the-numerical-quantum-x-superposition/
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Post by flyingcarpet46 on Nov 22, 2021 21:25:09 GMT
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Post by Admin on Dec 6, 2021 12:09:30 GMT
Calculate but don’t shut up The cliché has it that the Copenhagen interpretation demands adherence without deep enquiry. That does physics a disservice aeon.co/essays/shut-up-and-calculate-does-a-disservice-to-quantum-mechanicsPhysics is important. We rely on it to provide us with valid conceptions of the nature of the physical world and how it works, conceptions that underpin almost every aspect of our technologically advanced society. At root, physics as a discipline relies on foundational theories of space and time, and of matter and light. For the most part, physicists are content to make use of foundational theories that have remained broadly unchanged for centuries. These are good enough for most practical purposes. But as they explore the physics of the very fast, or of the very small, or as they ponder the large-scale structure of the Universe, they reach for younger theories that were established only a century ago. These are quantum mechanics and Albert Einstein’s theories of relativity. Mechanics is that part of physics concerned with stuff that moves, and quantum mechanics is the theory of the motion of matter and light at the smallest scales: the realm of molecules, atoms, subatomic particles (such as electrons), and photons, the quanta (or ‘atoms’) of light. If you want to figure out how an electron will behave as it moves in time through space, then you need to reach for quantum mechanics. But there’s a problem. Quantum mechanics was discovered and developed largely by European physicists in the mid- to late 1920s. As they struggled to comprehend what nature was trying to tell them, these pioneers understood only too well what they were getting themselves into. Although there had been much discussion about the philosophical interpretation of some concepts that appear in the older theory that preceded it – now called classical mechanics – the nature and structure of the new quantum mechanics begged all kinds of difficult questions about the very purpose of a scientific theory, if not the purpose of science itself. The debate became polarised around the philosophies of its two principal protagonists: Einstein and the Danish physicist Niels Bohr. The small community of quantum physicists in continental Europe formed into two distinct camps, and the Austrian-born British philosopher Karl Popper later called this divergence a schism. At the heart of the debate was the interpretation of the theory’s central concept – a mathematical object called the wave function. The wave function was introduced in the theory as a way of accounting for the surprising experimental behaviour exhibited by quantum entities such as electrons. Under certain circumstances, this behaviour can be described in terms of electrons as familiar self-contained particles, localised as they move through space. But in different (and mutually exclusive) circumstances, the behaviour can be understood only in terms of electrons moving and spreading out through space as unfamiliar, non-localised waves. The wave function accommodates this odd duality. It has obvious wave-like properties, but also obvious particle-like properties, such as mass. It underpins a formula that assigns probabilities for any given electron existing in any one place at a particular point in time. What we might have previously judged to be physically impossible, quantum mechanics judges to be merely improbable, lending a fungible quality to reality, and challenging the truth of a universe defined by the physics that came before. And here’s the rub. We never observe the wave function. If we push an electron through a narrow aperture, we imagine that it will diffract, spreading out in all directions in the space beyond as a wave (think of what happens to a rolling ocean wave as it squeezes through a gap in a harbour wall). If we now allow this electron to impinge on a screen covered with a photographic emulsion, we will find that the electron is detected, leaving a single bright spot at a specific point on the screen. Repeating this with more and more electrons will give us a diffraction pattern – a pattern possible only with waves – made up of a myriad of individual spots, each of which is possible only with particles. Where will the next spot appear? We have no way of knowing in advance. All we can do is use the wave function to calculate the probability that the next electron will be detected here, or there, or way over there. What are we supposed to make of this? If we interpret the wave function realistically, as a tangible physical thing, we then have to figure out how it ‘collapses’ to produce a spot at only one location out of all the other probable locations on the screen. Such a collapse implies what Einstein in 1927 called ‘an entirely peculiar mechanism of action at a distance’ – an anathema of ghostly physical effects transmitted instantaneously across space with no apparent direct cause, now generally referred to as the ‘measurement problem’. For Einstein, the lack of any kind of physical explanation for how this is supposed to happen meant that something is missing; that quantum mechanics is in some way incomplete. Bohr disagreed. He argued that in quantum mechanics we have hit a fundamental limit. What we observe is quantum behaviour as projected into our classical world of direct experience. As we cannot transcend this experience, we have to accept that the wave function has no physical significance beyond its relevance to the calculation of probabilities. We must be content with a ‘purely symbolic’ mathematical formalism that works. The wave function doesn’t collapse (and there’s no peculiar action at a distance) because it doesn’t actually exist, and so there is no measurement problem. In other words, all we can know is the electron-as-it-appears in different experimental arrangements. We can never know what the electron really is. This is an empiricist, ‘antirealist’, or (to some) an ‘instrumentalist’ interpretation, which judges a theory to be largely meaningless except as an instrument to connect together our empirical experiences. Such an antirealist theory doesn’t necessarily deny the existence of an objective reality (we can happily continue to assume that the Moon is still there even if nobody looks at it or thinks about it), nor does it necessarily deny the reality of unobserved electrons, however we imagine them. But it does deny a direct and exact correspondence between the wave function and the things that the wave function purportedly describes. The formalism appears simply to encode our experiences of quantum phenomena in ways that allow us to calculate the probability that this or that will happen next. Quantum mechanics is complete, and we just need to get over it.
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Post by Admin on Dec 6, 2021 17:42:23 GMT
The Hidden Structure of the Universe Our new series of articles explores the search for fundamental structure at the edge of science. www.quantamagazine.org/the-hidden-structure-of-the-universe-20201022/Around 400 BCE, Democritus declared that the cosmos is “in reality only atoms and the void,” a prophetic statement if ever there was one. It would take over 2,000 years for scientists to conclusively demonstrate that the hidden structure underlying all the things we see — steel and stars, frogs and fire — could be described in terms of fundamental, indistinguishable building blocks. Then we looked closer. Atoms themselves have a hidden structure. Electrons orbit a nuclear core, which can be further broken down into smaller structures and substructures: protons and neutrons, quarks and gluons. Physicists worked out the abstract rules governing how these particles interact, and those rules revealed another view of the cosmos — as an eruption from the froth of fundamental fields. Scientific thinkers have pursued the hidden structure of the cosmos since before there was a discipline called science. The search, if anything, is growing only more intense. Cosmologists know that there’s an invisible something holding the universe together, a substance as pervasive as the pre-Einsteinian aether, and just as poorly understood. Physicists probing the paradoxes of black holes have grown convinced that there’s a fundamental connection between information and the geometry of space-time — a connection that a landmark series of papers has begun to map out. And the particle itself — that fundamentally indivisible thing, the modern incarnation of Democritus’ atom — may be, at its core, a physical expression of mathematical symmetries. The search for the hidden structure of the universe will in all likelihood never end. And the work of searching only reveals how much more we have left to learn.
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Post by Admin on Dec 7, 2021 14:16:43 GMT
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Post by Admin on Dec 11, 2021 13:43:14 GMT
Quaternion Symmetry Inherent to the Icositetragon – Publication July 5, 2018Publications, Unified Math/Physics robertedwardgrant.com/quaternion-symmetry-inherent-to-the-icositetragon-publication/Our next white paper publication in Mathematics (specifically Number Theory) is going up tomorrow regarding my further research on the Icositetragon (24-gon) geometry. The recent discovery of Quasi-Primes and a novel Prime Prediction algorithm of last month likewise emerged from in-depth review of this interesting polygonal alignment of integers. This new white paper explores the deeper elements and patterns of this specific geometric polygonal alignment of integers and highlights the discovery of quaternion symmetry, namely, ‘quadripolarity’ and its inherent self-organization symmetry.
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Post by Admin on Dec 13, 2021 20:40:25 GMT
Why “F = ma” is the most important equation in physics From high school through the professional ranks, physicists never tire of Newton's second law. bigthink.com/starts-with-a-bang/most-important-equation-physics/What seems like a simple, three-letter equation contains an enormous amount of information about our Universe. The physics within it is vital for understanding all of motion, while the mathematics is the most important application of calculus to our reality. By thinking about it properly, this equation can even lead us to relativity, and remains eternally useful to physicists of all levels.
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Post by Admin on Dec 22, 2021 17:13:41 GMT
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Post by Admin on Dec 24, 2021 18:46:07 GMT
Deriving Bayes’ Theorem The Easy Way From the basic concepts to a deeper understanding towardsdatascience.com/deriving-bayes-theorem-the-easy-way-59f0c73496dbI can still remember the first time I saw the equation of Bayes’ theorem. Not knowing anything about probability theory or mathematical notation in general — I was completely lost. I was lost because I had no foundation in probability theory at all. In this article, we’re going to build that foundation. Enabling us to derive and understand Bayes’ theorem, which still plays an important role in the industry (e.g. finance) and in machine learning (e.g. Classification, Bayesian optimization)
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Post by flyingcarpet46 on Dec 28, 2021 6:21:27 GMT
Science.
A quote from Forces of Nature. Brian Cox & Andrew Cohen 2018.
... there is the great joy to be had in u a complex idea understanding, and in doing so glimpsing tue underlying simplicity and beauty. The biologist E.O Wilson coined the term.'Ionian Enchantment 'for the feeling,named after Thales of Miletus, credited by Aristotleas. laying the foundations for the physical sciences in 600BC on the Greek island of Iona. The feeling is one of elation when something about nature is understood, and seen to be elegant... Science is about making careful observations and yrying to explain what you see.... Careful observations lead to Ionian Enchantment.
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