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Post by Admin on May 4, 2020 15:04:32 GMT
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Post by Admin on Jun 3, 2020 15:37:45 GMT
Dr Martin Pall, Professor Emeritus of Biochemistry and Basic Medical Sciences - 5G, EMF, ICNIRP www.youtube.com/watch?v=gKK-CYvtXPcDr. Martin Pall, Professor Emeritus of Biochemistry and Basic Medical Sciences at Washington State University talks about about the health effects of 5G, EMF and the organisation ICNIRP - 'The International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection'. ICNIRP is an organisation registered in Munich, Germany. The Commission membership consists of a Chairperson, Vice-Chairperson and up to 12 members. It is formally recognized as an official collaborating non-state actor by the World Health Organization (WHO). National authorities in more than 50 countries have adopted the ICNIRP guidelines and translated them into their own regulatory framework on protection of non-ionizing radiation protection for their citizens.
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Post by Admin on Jul 22, 2020 8:36:20 GMT
ABSTRACT In this research, we show that 5G millimeter waves could be absorbed by dermatologic cells acting like antennas, transferred to other cells and play the main role in producing Coronaviruses in biological cells. DNA is built from charged electrons and atoms and has an inductor-like structure. This structure could be divided into linear, toroid and round inductors. Inductors interact with external electromagnetic waves, move and produce some extra waves within the cells. The shapes of these waves are similar to shapes of hexagonal and pentagonal bases of their DNA source. These waves produce some holes in liquids within the nucleus. To fill these holes, some extra hexagonal and pentagonal bases are produced. These bases could join to each other and form virus-like structures such as Coronavirus. To produce these viruses within a cell, it is necessary that the wavelength of external waves be shorter than the size of the cell. Thus 5G millimeter waves could be good candidates for applying in constructing virus-like structures such as Coronaviruses (COVID-19) within cells. 5G Technology and induction of coronavirus in skin cells M Fioranelli 1, A Sepehri 1, M G Roccia 1, M Jafferany 2, O Y Olisova 3, K M Lomonosov 3, T Lotti 1 3 pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32668870/
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Post by Admin on Jul 22, 2020 18:45:08 GMT
On July 17th Russia’s Health Ministry banned all use of WiFi and cell phones in elementary schools. Russia already limits emissions of nonionizing radiation to 1000x less than we allow the USA. Numerous studies show profound injuries from Wifi including oxidative stress, sperm/testicular damage, neuropsychiatric effects including EEG changes, apoptosis (cell death), cellular DNA damage, endocrine changes, and calcium overload. Leading scientists and medical associations have called to ban the use of Wi-Fi in schools by switching to wired networks. In 2013, Israel banned Wi-Fi in kindergartens and limited its use in elementary schools. Israeli schools allow Wi-Fi for three hours per week in the 1st and 2d grades and 6 hours per week for 3rd graders. In 2017 Cypress banned Wi-Fi in Kindergartens & elementary schools.
Russia has published Safety Recommendations encouraging children to use wired connection rather than Wi-Fi during the COVID lockdown. Children’s Health Defense has published a “step by step” guide on how to hard wire wireless devices for safe remote learning. The Chairman for the Russian National Committee on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection, Professor Oleg Grigoriev has criticized corruption in the international regulatory agencies. FCC’s health guidelines rely on the obsolete,laughable assumption that the non-ionizing radiation wireless technology are harmful, only if they cause thermal change in tissue. That assumption is proven false in thousands of studies, even before cell phones were commercialized in the 1980s. Contrary to the FCC’s position, in the 1970s, the Russians had already acknowledged that the radiation emitted from radio and microwave frequencies based technologies can be harmful at levels that are at least 1,000 times lower than the levels that create thermal effects.
Despite massive evidence of harm, in December 2019, crooked FCC officials declared that there is no evidence of harm from wireless technology and declined to review its health guidelines. In February 2020
Children’s Health Defense sued the FCC to reverse this decision. We will file the main brief in our case on July 29, 2020.Follow Dafna Tachover on CHD’s website.
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Post by Admin on Nov 9, 2020 10:33:58 GMT
Study: Governments Should Be Testing 5G & Proving It’s Safe Before Exposing Humanity To It www.collective-evolution.com/2020/04/05/study-governments-should-be-testing-5g-proving-its-safe-before-exposing-humanity-to-it/IN BRIEF The Facts:A study published in 2019 is one of many to point out that appropriate safety testing is needed and should be required before 5G technology is rolled out. Reflect On:Why do some mainstream media outlets ridicule the idea that 5G technology may be harmful to human health when there is an abundance of peer-reviewed literature emphasizing the need for further study? The push for 5G forges on regardless of any safety testing. The mainstream continues to tout the idea that no science shows dangers associated with 5G radiation, but there are also no studies to show that it is safe. The truth is, there are medical and health experts who have been raising their concerns with regards to 5G technology, and human exposure to electromagnetic frequencies for quite some time. I’ve published multiple articles expressing these concerns. For example, Dr. Sharon Goldberg, an internal medicine physician, a former medical school assistant professor, and academic with more than two decades in the field gave her testimony regarding electromagnetic radiation and 5G in Michigan, after an industry sponsored 5G wireless infrastructure legislation recently passed through the Michigan House Energy Policy Committee with a vote of 15 to 4. You can watch that and read more about that here. www.collective-evolution.com/2018/10/26/veteran-md-drops-bombshell-at-michigans-5g-small-cell-tower-legislation-hearing/
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Post by Admin on Jan 2, 2021 19:38:28 GMT
Mid-latitude atmospheric boundary layer electricity: A study by using a tethered balloon platform Author links open overlay panelS.V.AnisimovS.V.GalichenkoK.V.AphinogenovE.V.KlimanovaA.A.ProkhorchukA.S.KozminaA.V.Guriev www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0169809520312928Highlights • The formation of a long-lived structure with alternating layers of space charge is typical for the lowest part of the ABL • The EMF acting in fair weather atmosphere provides a significant part of the electric potential in the ABL • Negative space charge of small ions is on average compensated by the positive space charge of aerosol particles in the ABL • Aerosol particle concentration near the earth's surface in fair weather exhibits an explicit diurnal variation
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Post by Admin on Jan 23, 2021 0:42:01 GMT
5G ROLL-OUT SHOULD STOP WHILE ‘SUSPECTED ADVERSE HEALTH EFFECTS’ INVESTIGATED, EXPERT CLAIMS University of Edinburgh professor calls for ‘a moratorium on exposure, pending adequate scientific investigation’ www.independent.co.uk/life-style/gadgets-and-tech/5g-health-risk-covid-john-william-frank-edinburgh-b1789027.htmlThe global roll-out of 5G should be halted while further investigations are conducted into potential risks associated with the next-generation network technology, a health expert has warned. Professor John William Frank from the Usher Institute at the University of Edinburgh claimed that no more transmitter towers should be built in order to limit public exposure while safety standards are reviewed. In an opinion piece published in the Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health, Professor Frank wrote that the radio frequency electromagnetic fields (RF-EMFs) emitted by 5G towers could be linked to “suspected adverse health effects”, though he emphasised that there is no scientific evidence linking 5G to the spread of Covid-19, as some conspiracy theorists have claimed. “A growing number of engineers, scientists, and doctors internationally [are] calling on governments to raise their safety standards for RF-EMFs, commission more and better research, and hold off on further increases in public exposure, pending clearer evidence of safety,” he wrote. “It is highly likely that each of these many forms of transmission causes somewhat different biological effects – making sound, comprehensive and up-to-date research on those effects virtually impossible.” The introduction of 5G coverage offer users radically faster download speeds and the ability to conduct lag-free ultra-HD video chats with other users, however only a handful of high-end devices currently offer the service in a limited number of areas. Its roll-out has been accompanied by baseless conspiracy theories linking it to the coronavirus pandemic, which have been fuelled by online misinformation disseminated across social media platforms. Facebook groups sharing fake reports about the alleged dangers of 5G reached tens of thousands of users in 2020, prompting the social network to crack down on such content. Professor Frank dismissed these conspiracy theories in his article, writing: “There are knowledgeable commentators’ reports on the web debunking this theory, and no respectable scientist or publication has backed it… The theory that 5G and related EMFs have contributed to the pandemic is baseless.” He added that other possible side effects should be looked at more closely, and called for “a moratorium on that exposure, pending adequate scientific investigation." There have been numerous studies in recent decades that have sought to understand the potential risks associated with mobile phones and electromagnetic radiation from phone towers, though no adverse effects have yet been established. According to the World Health Organisation’s International Electromagnetic Fields Project, there is yet to be any concrete proof of negative health outcomes from electromagnetic fields.
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Post by Admin on Mar 7, 2021 21:32:06 GMT
5G Health Risks; The War Between Technology and Human Beings 7 min read By Paul Wagner | May 14, 2019 | Seeking Truth, General Science, Science And Technology www.gaia.com/article/5g-health-risks-the-war-between-technology-and-human-beingsOver 180 scientists and doctors in almost 40 countries are warning the world about 5G health risks. These scientists’ response to “Resolution 1815 of the Council of Europe” spells it out quite succinctly: “We, the undersigned scientists, recommend a moratorium on the roll-out of the fifth generation, 5G, until potential hazards for human health and the environment have been fully investigated by scientists independent from industry. 5G will substantially increase exposure to radio frequency electromagnetic fields (RF-EMF)… and has been proven to be harmful for humans and the environment.” If you’re not alarmed about 5G radiation dangers, you should be… With download speeds up to 20 to 30X faster than 4G, 5G promises a new world, including becoming the foundation for self-driving cars while also causing a long list of potential health risks. “5G Cancer” may actually be a thing. The cities of Brussels and Geneva have even blocked trials and banned upgrades to 5G out of this concern. The difference between 4G and 5G in terms of gigahertz, the unit of alternating current (AC) or electromagnetic (EM) waves that affect the transmission speeds of devices, is significant. 5G technology promises radio millimeter bands in the 30 to 300 GHz range, while 4G tops out at around 6GHz. When applied to video latency, this translates to speeds up to 60 to 120 times faster. Before 2G, 3G, and 4G, radio frequencies were benign. We never worried whether or not our drive-time radio shows would fry our brains. Sadly, once the concept of wireless “G” technology was initiated, we began exposing the global public to frequencies akin to microwaves at 1 billion cycles per second. Humans, animals and the environment have all been at risk for years. While 4G was bad enough, 5G takes the game to a whole new level of insanity.
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Post by Admin on Oct 11, 2021 17:43:18 GMT
Microwave frequency electromagnetic fields (EMFs) produce widespread neuropsychiatric effects including depression Author links open overlay panelMartin L.Pall www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0891061815000599Highlights • Microwave EMFs activate voltage-gated Ca2+ channels (VGCCs) concentrated in the brain. • Animal studies show such low level MWV EMFs have diverse high impacts in the brain. • VGCC activity causes widespread neuropsychiatric effects in humans (genetic studies). • 26 studies have EMFs assoc. with neuropsychiatric effects; 5 criteria show causality. • MWV EMFs cause at least 13 neuropsychiatric effects including depression in humans. Abstract Non-thermal microwave/lower frequency electromagnetic fields (EMFs) act via voltage-gated calcium channel (VGCC) activation. Calcium channel blockers block EMF effects and several types of additional evidence confirm this mechanism. Low intensity microwave EMFs have been proposed to produce neuropsychiatric effects, sometimes called microwave syndrome, and the focus of this review is whether these are indeed well documented and consistent with the known mechanism(s) of action of such EMFs. VGCCs occur in very high densities throughout the nervous system and have near universal roles in release of neurotransmitters and neuroendocrine hormones. Soviet and Western literature shows that much of the impact of non-thermal microwave exposures in experimental animals occurs in the brain and peripheral nervous system, such that nervous system histology and function show diverse and substantial changes. These may be generated through roles of VGCC activation, producing excessive neurotransmitter/neuroendocrine release as well as oxidative/nitrosative stress and other responses. Excessive VGCC activity has been shown from genetic polymorphism studies to have roles in producing neuropsychiatric changes in humans. Two U.S. government reports from the 1970s to 1980s provide evidence for many neuropsychiatric effects of non-thermal microwave EMFs, based on occupational exposure studies. 18 more recent epidemiological studies, provide substantial evidence that microwave EMFs from cell/mobile phone base stations, excessive cell/mobile phone usage and from wireless smart meters can each produce similar patterns of neuropsychiatric effects, with several of these studies showing clear dose–response relationships. Lesser evidence from 6 additional studies suggests that short wave, radio station, occupational and digital TV antenna exposures may produce similar neuropsychiatric effects. Among the more commonly reported changes are sleep disturbance/insomnia, headache, depression/depressive symptoms, fatigue/tiredness, dysesthesia, concentration/attention dysfunction, memory changes, dizziness, irritability, loss of appetite/body weight, restlessness/anxiety, nausea, skin burning/tingling/dermographism and EEG changes. In summary, then, the mechanism of action of microwave EMFs, the role of the VGCCs in the brain, the impact of non-thermal EMFs on the brain, extensive epidemiological studies performed over the past 50 years, and five criteria testing for causality, all collectively show that various non-thermal microwave EMF exposures produce diverse neuropsychiatric effects.
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Post by Admin on Nov 16, 2021 21:47:25 GMT
Detection of emanations from materials and measurement of the volumes thereof patents.google.com/patent/US2482773A/enDescription Sept. 27, 1949. T. G. HIERONYMUS 2,482,773 DETECTION OF EMANATIONS FROM MATERIALS AND MEASUREMENT OF THE VOLUMES. THEREOF Filed Oct. 23,1946 1N VEN TOR. 7720/2705 Wavy/2711s TTO'R EY. Patented Sept. 27, 1949 DETECTION OF EMANATIONS FROM MATE- RIALS AND MEASUREMENT OF THE VOL- UMES THEREOF Thomas G. Hieronymus, Kansas City, Mo. Application October 23, 1946, Serial No. 705,028 13 Claims. 1 This invention relates to the art of detecting the presence of and measuring the intensity or quantity of any of the known electro-chemical series of elements of material matter, or the combination of two or more such elements, whether in solid, fluid or gaseous forms at ordinary room temperatures and without special treatment or requiring any change in the material under observation.
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Post by Admin on Jan 12, 2022 14:20:18 GMT
What is 5G? An electrical engineer explains January 10, 2022 1.37pm GMT theconversation.com/what-is-5g-an-electrical-engineer-explains-1731965G stands for fifth-generation cellular network technology. It’s the technology that enables wireless communication – for example, from your cellular phone to a cell tower, which channels it to the internet. 5G is a network service provided by telecommunications carriers and is not the same thing as the 5 GHz band on your Wi-Fi router. 5G offers an order of magnitude – 10 times – more bandwidth than its predecessor, 4G. The greater bandwidth is possible because over and above low and medium frequency radio waves, 5G uses additional higher-frequency waves to encode and carry information. Bandwidth is analogous to the width of a highway. The broader the highway, the more lanes it can have and the more cars it can carry at the same time. This makes 5G much faster and able to handle many more devices.
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Post by Admin on Apr 21, 2022 17:57:59 GMT
Low Intensity Electromagnetic Fields Act via Voltage-Gated Calcium Channel (VGCC) Activation to Cause Very Early Onset Alzheimer's Disease: 18 Distinct Types of Evidence Martin L Pall 1 Affiliations expand PMID: 35114921 DOI: 10.2174/1567205019666220202114510 pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35114921/Abstract Electronically generated electromagnetic fields (EMFs) including those used in wireless communication such as cell phones, Wi-Fi and smart meters, are coherent, producing very high electric and magnetic forces which act on the voltage sensor of voltage-gated calcium channels to produce increases in intracellular calcium [Ca2+]i. The calcium hypothesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD) has shown that each of the important AD-specific and nonspecific causal elements are produced by excessive [Ca2+]i. [Ca2+]i acts in AD via excessive calcium signaling and the peroxynitrite/oxidative stress/inflammation pathway which are each elevated by EMFs. An apparent vicious cycle in AD involves amyloid-beta protein (A) and [Ca2+]i. Three types of epidemiology each suggest EMF causation of AD including early onset AD. Extensive animal model studies show that low intensity EMFs cause neurodegeneration including AD, with AD animals having elevated levels of A, amyloid precursor protein and BACE1. Rats exposed to pulsed EMFs every day are reported to develop universal or near universal very very very early onset neurodegeneration including AD; these findings are superficially similar to humans with digital dementia. EMFs producing modest increases in [Ca2+]i can also produce protective, therapeutic effects. The therapeutic pathway and peroxynitrite pathway inhibit each other. A summary of 18 different findings is provided, which collectively provide powerful evidence for EMF causation of AD. The author is concerned that smarter, more highly pulsed "smart" wireless communication may cause widespread very, very early onset AD in human populations. Keywords: Animal models of Alzheimer’s disease; Apoptotic and autophagic cell death; Aand [Ca2+]i vicious cycle; Calcium hypothesis of Alzheimer’s disease; EMF safety guideline failure; Non-thermal electromagnetic field effects; The voltage sensor as the direct target of electromagnetic fields. Copyright© Bentham Science Publishers; For any queries, please email at epub@benthamscience.net. Are Microwave Injured Veterans More Likely to be Affected by Viruses? Yes. Microwave irradiation can cause immunosuppressive injuries by causing a known bio-mechanism: oxidation of fatty acids (lipids) which causes immune suppression. Other secondary conditions created by oxidative stress are Metabolic Syndrome and DNA breaks. This process leads to the many chronic symptoms that microwave injured veterans experience over a lifetime from the moment of the injury onward. Oxidative stress is likely why some doctors are comparing coronavirus symptoms to altitude sickness and testing hyperbaric chamber (HBOT) as a possible cure for coronavirus. In truth, the HBOT may help to reverse acute oxidative stress temporarily. www.microwavedvets.com/virus
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Post by Admin on Apr 21, 2022 19:26:05 GMT
Nerve Damage Study #224 CNS – central nervous system ELF-EMF - extremely low-frequency electromagnetic field RF-EMF - radiofrequency electromagnetic field SMF - static magnetic field VGC - voltage-gated ion channel VGCC - voltage-gated calcium channel “The central nervous system (CNS) is particularly sensitive to EMF stimuli.” “Changes in calcium homeostasis, attributable to the voltage-gated calcium channels, were found to be the most commonly reported result of EMF exposure.” “Ion channels represent a major transducer for EMF-related effects on the CNS.” “The effects on the central nervous system (CNS) appear to be particularly relevant, as the CNS is reliant on many voltage-dependent processes.(10) “ ”…the energies associated with the electric and magnetic components within an EM wave are equal. These characteristics lead to the need for considering them as both equally relevant in the study of their effects on living systems.” “Typically, we are continuously exposed to natural EMF radiation, such as every form of light radiation, cosmic microwaves, or the magnetic field generated by the planet. However, two key points must be considered when comparing natural exposure to that of artificial exposure. First, the magnitude of the two exposures is very different, with the artificial one being higher by a few to several orders of magnitude in comparison with natural fields.1 Nevertheless, in the delicately balanced system of the CNS of higher animals, even a small increase in intensity could generate significant effects.(10) ” “Both ELF-EMFs(26, 27) and RF-EMFs28, 29 have been shown to interfere with the physiology and functional activity of neurons.” “SMFs that do not change their intensity and direction in time have been shown to deeply impact the physiological properties of several types of neurons, through their interaction with VGCs.(45-47)” “…numerous studies reported nonthermal effects related to RF-EMF exposure that seem to be strictly related to modifications of the calcium signaling pathway.(41, 42, 51) “Exposure to both acute and chronic ELF-EMFs promotes calcium influx, resulting in an increased intracellular calcium concentration in various types of neurons(39, 40, 52) that is conversely decreased following chronic exposure to RF-EMFs.(41, 42, 53) “ “…VGCCs are involved in the modulation of an extremely broad variety of neurological processes, including (but not limited to) modulation of neurotransmitter release…” “Due to the major role of calcium as a second messenger, VGCC dysfunctions have been implicated in a wide variety of CNS pathologies, including epilepsy, neurodegenerative diseases, neuropathic pain, and neuropsychiatric disorders.84 The particular electrical sensitivity of VGCs themselves makes them a perfect target for EMF effects.” “Moreover, pulsed EMFs are often reported to be more active relative to static EMFs, which are characterized by a continuous electromagnetic wave to which the cell could be more adapted,(102) and they could affect the gating properties of VGCs since these proteins are intrinsically sensitive to minimal electrical variations.(100)“ Published Date: May 2021 nyaspubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/nyas.14597The complete study can be found here: pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33945157/
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Post by Admin on Apr 21, 2022 20:01:38 GMT
Nerve Damage Study #222 MWR - Microwave Radiation "The study concludes that MWR may cause neurochemical and pathophysiological damage by initiating the inflammatory process in various brain regions, especially in hippocampus and cerebral cortex. These effects are further associated with a remarkable elevation in the genotoxicity of neurons with reference to the control group." Published Date: Sept 2020 Exposure of Radiofrequency Electromagnetic Radiation on Biochemical and Pathological Alterations Anjali Sharma 1, Sadhana Shrivastava 1, Sangeeta Shukla 1 Affiliations expand PMID: 33109858 DOI: 10.4103/0028-3886.294554 Free article Abstract Introduction: In the era of globalization, too much dependency on mobile phones is a cause of concern. Objective: The present study was designed to evaluate the risk assessment of microwave radiation (MWR) at 1800 MHz frequency and specific absorption rate 0.433 (W/kg) on male Wistar rats. Methodology: Animals were divided into two groups: the first group is the control group, and the second group was exposed to 1800 MHz radiation for 90 days at 4 h/5 days/week in a month. Results: Chronic exposure of MWR may alter GSH homeostasis due to alteration in various GSH cycle regulating enzymes such as GR, GPx, GST, and G6PDH which showed an imbalance in GSH content and causes an increase in the oxidative stress and release of inflammatory cytokines. A remarkable increase in the DNA damage was seen due to disorganization and pyknosis of neurons in exposed animal's brain when compared with the control group (P ≤ 0.05). There was also a significant decline in AChE level. Conclusion: The study concludes that MWR may cause neurochemical and pathophysiological damage by initiating the inflammatory process in various brain regions, especially in hippocampus and cerebral cortex. These effects are further associated with a remarkable elevation in the genotoxicity of neurons with reference to the control group. Keywords: Inflammation; Pyknosis; microwave; pathophysiology; rats. Conflict of interest statement None pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33109858/
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Post by Admin on Apr 22, 2022 16:44:42 GMT
Sci Rep. 2021; 11: 10061. Published online 2021 May 12. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-89348-4 PMCID: PMC8115682 PMID: 33980913 Effects of 1.5 and 4.3 GHz microwave radiation on cognitive function and hippocampal tissue structure in Wistar rats Ruiqing Zhu, Hui Wang,corresponding author Xinping Xu, Li Zhao, Jing Zhang, Ji Dong, Binwei Yao, Haoyu Wang, Hongmei Zhou, Yabing Gao, and Ruiyun Pengcorresponding author www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8115682/Abstract Previous studies have shown that single-frequency microwave radiation can lead to cognitive decline in rats. However, few studies have focused on the combined effects of irradiation with different frequencies of microwaves. Our research aimed to investigate the effects of 1.5 GHz and 4.3 GHz microwave radiation, singly and in combination, on cognitive function and hippocampal tissue structure in rats. A total of 140 male Wistar rats were randomly divided into 4 groups: the S group (sham radiation group), L10 group (10 mW/cm2 1.5 GHz group), C10 group (10 mW/cm2 4.3 GHz band group) and LC10 group (10 mW/cm2 1.5 and 4.3 GHz multi-frequency radiation group). For 1–28 days after microwave radiation, we analyzed the average escape latency for the Morris water maze task, electroencephalograms, change in hippocampal tissue structure and ultrastructure, content of the Nissl body in the hippocampus, and activities of lactate dehydrogenase and succinate dehydrogenase. Compared to the S group, all exposure groups showed varying degrees of learning and memory decline and hippocampal structural damage. The results showed that 1.5 GHz and 4.3 GHz microwave radiation was able to induce cognitive impairment and hippocampal tissue damage in rats and combined radiation with both frequencies caused more serious injuries, but none of these damaging effects varied with microwave frequency. Subject terms: Hippocampus, Long-term memory, Working memory Go to: Introduction With the development of modern society, microwaves have been widely used in many aspects of our life, such as communication, medical, industrial and other fields1–3. Microwaves bring convenience but also trigger discussions about the negative effects, especially hazards of complex electromagnetic environments. The World Health Organization (WHO) regard electromagnetic waves as the fourth pollutant, and the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) also classified electromagnetic waves as "possibly carcinogenic to humans" (Group 2B)4. The central nervous system is considered one of the most sensitive targets for microwave exposure5–7. Previous studies have found that microwaves can induce certain damage, such as impairment of memory functions, inhibition of brain electrical activity, and degeneration of hippocampal tissue structure8–10. As we live in a complex electromagnetic environment, humans are continuously exposed to multiple electromagnetic waves of various frequencies. However, most studies have focused on the effects caused by single-band microwaves, and only a few researchers have been concerned with the hazards from multi-frequency microwave radiation6, 11, 12. L- and C-band microwaves are commonly used for communication in daily life, such as weather satellites13, and some synthetic aperture radars14, 15, etc. And these devices can emit microwaves of these two frequencies at the same time. This leads to frequent exposure of people to the complicated microwave environment, which is more common for related workers. But the accumulative effect of the two band microwaves had not been discussed. Therefore, our study is principally concerned with the single-frequency and combined effects of 1.5 GHz and 4.3 GHz radiation with average power density of 10 mW/cm2. We used 1.5 GHz and 4.3 GHz microwaves separately and in combination to irradiate rats. Spatial memory abilities, electroencephalograms (EEGs) and hippocampal morphology were assessed. In addition, content of Nissl substance and activities of both lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) in the hippocampus were measured to evaluate possible relationships with cognitive function damage. The experiment was designed to solve the following three problems: (1) to evaluate the effects of radiation (single-frequency effects and combined effects) of 1.5 and 4.3 GHz microwaves in irradiation groups, (2) to evaluate the frequency-specific effects of 1.5 and 4.3 GHz microwaves, and (3) to evaluate possible combined effects of irradiation with 1.5 and 4.3 GHz microwaves.
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